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夏威夷吉他（Hawian Guitar)簡介/人文歷史/英文簡介
夏威夷吉他：夏威夷吉他（Hawian Guitar)，傳統(tǒng)的夏威夷吉他外形類似于古典吉他，使用鋼絲弦。演奏時(shí)平放在腿上，一手持金屬滑棒按弦，另一只手帶金屬指套撥弦，音色華麗，是一種擅長表現(xiàn)旋律的樂器。
夏威夷吉他有著自己的共鳴方式外，還因?yàn)橄耐募溆凶约簩Ｓ玫膹椬嗥鳎环N是音棒：一般長80MM左右，為鋼質(zhì)圓棒，全棒光滑。另一種是用指甲：一般是用塑料物質(zhì)制作成。其中食指和中指以銅片制成為佳。 夏威夷吉他分琴頭、琴頸和琴箱三部分。琴頭有執(zhí)手，用于調(diào)節(jié)琴弦的張力而得到相應(yīng)的音高。琴頸上為指板，指板上為音品，主要為左手彈奏區(qū)域。琴箱產(chǎn)生共鳴并將聲音傳導(dǎo)出去。演奏時(shí)，演奏者應(yīng)該坐在適當(dāng)高度的椅子上，兩腳掌全著地，將吉他平穩(wěn)地放在雙膝上；右手前臂要有適當(dāng)?shù)膲毫�，以便使樂器更穩(wěn)定的放在膝上，避免吉他做任何不必要的移動。和古典吉他一樣，正確的演奏姿勢，在一定程度上有益于吉他的正確發(fā)音和演奏的舒適，并使演奏者處于****演奏角度。
鋼棒吉他（Steel Guitar）世紀(jì)初夏威夷的舶來品，鋼棒吉他是滑棒吉他中的一種，但是它的琴板上沒有"品"。在演奏時(shí)，演奏者總是一只手撥弦，另一只手在琴頸上套弄一根鋼制的或玻璃棒。鋼棒吉他一般擁有豐富的顫音。一種是短一些的放在懷里、膝蓋上演奏的鋼棒吉他（lap steel），還有一種有腳踏板的鋼棒吉他（pedal steel guitar）。Darby and farlton在隊(duì)中的Jimmy Tarlton是在鄉(xiāng)村唱片中第一位加入鋼棒吉他演奏的人，那是在1927年年初，后來隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，原聲樂器漸漸讓位于電子樂器，但有一些保守主義者仍盡力抵制這一變化。在1953年，在Webb Pierce的唱片《Slowly》中，Bud Isaaca演奏的改進(jìn)過的鋼棒吉他受到了大眾的歡迎。在后來的一兩年之內(nèi)，電子鋼棒吉他在鄉(xiāng)村樂隊(duì)中越來越普遍。其中的佼佼者是Buddy Emmons和Shot Jackson。Pete Drake把這一樂器在60年代與Bob Dylan、Ringo Starr合作時(shí)，介紹給了更多的聽眾。今天，鋼棒吉他以及它許多的衍生樂器已經(jīng)在多姿多彩的鄉(xiāng)村音樂中扮演了重要的角色。Paul Franklin是一個鋼棒吉他的演奏高手，而在鄉(xiāng)村老大劇院，Weldon Myrick在他的樂隊(duì)中也演奏著這種樂器。
夏威夷吉他歷史英文介紹Hawaiian Steel Guitar
Origins of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar 。As we know guitars while some guitars may have made their way to Hawaii in the early 1800's along with the many European sailors who visited Hawaii, the origin of Hawaiian guitar music is generally credited to the Mexican and Spanish cowboys who were hired by King Kamehameha III around 1832. It was from the Hawaiian cowboys, or paniolos, that the tradition of Hawaiian slack key guitar music finds its roots.
This Spanish guitar was a gut string guitar. The actual origins of the Hawaiian steel guitar may never be known for sure. As Brad Bechtel outlines on his Lap Steel Guitar page:
"Steel guitars were originally invented and popularized in Hawaii. Legend has it that in the mid 1890's Joseph Kekuku, a Hawaiian schoolboy, discovered the sound while walking along a railroad track strumming his Portuguese guitar. He picked up a bolt lying by the track and slid the metal along the strings of his guitar. Intrigued by the sound, he taught himself to play using the back of a knife blade." J.D. Bisignani in his Hawaii Handbook from Moon Publications adds to the story of Joseph Kekuku:
"Driven by the faint rhythm of an inner sound, he went to the machine shop at the Kamehameha School and turned out a steel bar for sliding over the strings. To complete the sound, he changed the cat-gut strings to steel and raised them so they wouldn't hit the frets. Voilà! Hawaiian Music as the world knows it today."
Brad Bechtel adds, "Other persons who have been credited with the invention of the steel guitar include Gabriel Davion, an Indian sailor, around 1885, and James Hoa, a Hawaiian of Portuguese ancestry." As explained by the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association in their feature. "Some 'Steel' History..."[/link] "Until his death in Boston in 1932, Kekuku toured the United States and most of Europe teaching and popularizing the Hawaiian steel guitar."
"Although the popularity of steel guitar became firmly established in Hawai`i by the early 1900s, and soon after in the country music field, it had few teachers. Those early legendary steel players were so much in demand to perform and record that they had no time to teach others, had they wanted to. Thus, in the '60s the art and technique of playing Hawaiian steel was almost lost."
The art form itself has seen numerous offshoots and developments in its relatively short lifetime. As Randy Lewis explains in his The Steel Guitar - A Short History: "With the introduction of amplification in the 30's, the steel guitar (like the Spanish guitar) gained pickups and became the electric steel guitar. Since an acoustic body was no longer necessary and actually caused feedback problems, the steel guitar quickly acquired a solid body and became the first true lap steel."
"There is no one standard tuning for the steel guitar and the solid body electric steel allowed for instruments to be made with two, three and even four necks, each tuned differently. Multiple necks made holding the instrument on the lap almost impossible, and legs were added, making the first 'console' instruments, although a few single neck consoles were already being played by 'steelers' who preferred to stand. At the same time, the steel picked up two more strings (there were a few seven string steels) and by the end of WWII the double neck eight string console was fairly standard, although even today there are still many players who prefer a single neck six or eight, especially in Hawaiian and Western Swing music."
"In the early 50's several players began experimenting with adding pedals which raised the pitch of a string, and in 1953, Bud Isaacs was the first player to use a pedal steel guitar on a hit recording: "Slowly" by Webb Pierce. The sound quickly caught on and many steel players converted to playing the 'pedal sound'" Over the years the sound of the Hawaiian steel guitar has found its way into many forms of American and world music including blues, "hillbilly", country and western music, rock and pop and also the music of Africa and India.
夏威夷歷史：“夏威夷”一詞源于波利尼西亞語。公元4世紀(jì)左右，一批波利尼西亞人乘獨(dú)木舟破浪而至，在此定居，為這片島嶼起名“夏威夷”，意為“原始之家”。最早發(fā)現(xiàn)該群島的歐洲人是英國航海家詹姆斯?庫克船長，他于1778年登上夏威夷群島，次年被島上居民殺害。1795年，卡米哈米哈酋長征服了其他部落，建立夏威夷王國。1898年，夏威夷被美國吞并，1959年成為美國第50個州。夏威夷地處中太平洋北部，由130多個島嶼組成，呈弧狀橫貫太平洋，長度達(dá)到1500英里。它緊靠北回歸線，構(gòu)成了波利尼西亞群島的北方前鋒。同時(shí)，它又處于美國的最南部，與墨西哥城、海南、加爾各答在同一緯度。面積：16650平方公里。首府：檀香山。語言：官方語言為英語和夏威夷語兩種，但日常生活用語以英語為主。人口：19.3萬。島嶼數(shù)量：132。主要島嶼：夏威夷大島、茂宜島、歐胡島、可愛島、尼豪島、莫洛凱島、拉納島、卡霍奧拉韋島。氣候：夏威夷全年的氣溫變化不大，變化很小，沒有季節(jié)之分，2、3月最冷，8、9月最熱,一年四季氣溫在14～32℃，通常情況下，從10月到次年4月雨量****，隨時(shí)可能下雨。旅游旺季是從12月中旬開始到復(fù)活節(jié)以及6月中旬到9月初。
夏威夷人文歷史：夏威夷州名稱來自波里尼西亞語, 意為"原始的家" Original home.一千多年前波里尼西亞人向本州各島殖民. 一九○○年并入美國. 一九五九年八月二十一日成為美國第五十州. 以芙蓉花 Hibiscus 為州花. 本州別名叫做"愛洛哈之州" Aloha State(夏威夷人向人問候或離別之時(shí), 常說:"愛洛哈". 其意義為愛).本州箴言:"守正義則存" The Life Of The Land Is Perpetuated In Righteousness.州府是檀香山 Honolulu, 為旅游勝地. 最引人的地方是外基基海灘 Waikiki Beach 全年風(fēng)和日麗水藍(lán)天青, 宜游泳, 沖浪, 可以蕩舟, 也可以捕魚. 每年進(jìn)出檀香山的船舶, 約兩千艘. 每天進(jìn)出檀香山國際機(jī)場的旅客, 多至四○萬人. 市內(nèi)有夏威夷大學(xué), 創(chuàng)于一九○七年, 學(xué)生兩萬多. 校內(nèi)設(shè)立之東西研究中心 The East West Center, 甚著名.本州特征有三: 第一, 本州全是火山島. 夏威夷群島包括一三二個島. 這是太平洋海底上一座高大的火山錐, 露出海面的部分. 太平洋底部發(fā)生大裂縫, 熔巖外流, 形成高大的火山, 其上有許多火山口, 形成許多山峰. 有些山峰露出海面, 即成為海島. 第二, 本州屬于熱帶氣候. 這使美國有寒(阿拉斯加)、 溫(美國大陸四十八州)、熱(夏威夷群島)三帶的領(lǐng)土. 第三, 本州是美國的太平洋�？哲娀�, 及美、亞、澳三州航運(yùn)中心, 地位十分重要.群島氣候?qū)儆诨貧w型, 因?yàn)樗挥诒被貧w線附近, 受東北信風(fēng)的影響, 迎風(fēng)坡多雨, 北風(fēng)坡少雨. 主要物產(chǎn)為蔗糖與鳳梨(菠蘿或黃梨). 后者產(chǎn)量約占全世界產(chǎn)量四分之三. 本州主要收入: 第一為國防工業(yè). 第二是旅游業(yè).第三是蔗糖業(yè). 第四是菠蘿業(yè). 歐胡島在夏威夷島之西北方. 島的南岸有珍珠港 Pearl Harbor 及檀香山(火奴魯魯 Honolulu). 前者是美國在太平洋內(nèi)****軍港；后者是本州工商業(yè)中心. 此島東距舊金山三,八○○公里；西距香港八,八九○公里.然而就是這么一個旖旎到讓人眼皮發(fā)沉的地方，孕育了“勇敢者的游戲”——沖浪。夏威夷的沖浪運(yùn)動至少已經(jīng)有600年的歷史了，1778年，庫克船長踏上這片海岸時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)厝烁叱臎_浪技藝就讓這群闖入者贊嘆不已。夏威夷草裙舞.說起夏威夷，人們就會想起草裙舞。傳說中第一個跳草裙舞的是舞神拉卡。她跳起草裙舞招待她的火神姐姐佩萊。佩萊非常喜歡這個舞蹈，就用火焰點(diǎn)亮了整個天空。自此，草裙舞就成為向神表達(dá)敬意的宗教舞蹈�，F(xiàn)在，它已經(jīng)變成用尤克里里琴伴奏的娛樂性舞蹈，觀賞草裙舞成了游客游覽夏威夷的保留節(jié)目。
廈門吉他網(wǎng)
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