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Ukulele（尤克里里）簡稱Uke，在英國等地則拼為Ukulele，歸屬在吉他樂器一族，通常有四條弦�！皍kulele”在英漢詞典中的解釋：n. (夏威夷的)尤克里里琴,四弦琴。
Ukulele寓意:在夏威夷語中, Ukulele的意思是“到來的禮物”—— uku(禮物），lele(到來)，讀作: {oo-koo-ley-ley}。十九世紀時，來自葡萄牙的移民帶著Ukulele來到了夏威夷，成為當?shù)仡愃菩⌒图臉菲�。二十世紀初時，Ukulele在美國各地獲得關(guān)注，并漸漸傳到了國際間。
Ukulele音階
一般定音為GCEA, 也有ADF#B的調(diào)法，具體為:
類型 寬度 長度 定音
soprano (標準）33 cm 53 cm g'c'e'a' 或a'd'f#'b'
concert 38 cm 58 cm g'c'e'a'
tenor 43 cm 66 cm gc'e'a', 或d'gbe'
baritone 48 cm 76 cm dgbe'
Ukulele調(diào)弦：首先把吉他平放在你的大腿上，靠近你身體的那端為第四弦，以此類推，向外的就是一弦了。第三條弦是C，你可以用鋼琴定C的音，于是乎三弦上第四個品就是E啦。用左手按住第四品然后把二弦調(diào)到跟E同一音高就ok了。第二條弦定音完成后，按住二弦的第三品，把第四條弦(也就是最靠近你身體的那條）調(diào)至相同的音高即可。最后按住第四條弦的第二品，把最靠外的一弦調(diào)到相同的音高就完成調(diào)音啦。
Ukulele的制作材質(zhì)
公認的最適合制作Ukulele的材料是產(chǎn)自夏威夷的稀有硬木樹種 Koa (Acacia koa), 稱作夏威夷寇阿相思樹木,淺棕色，木紋路漂亮，高檔的呈現(xiàn)火焰狀紋路。它有類似桃花心木（mahogany）般溫和的聲音，但是他的高頻要比桃花心木突出一些。Koa比Mahogany密度高，所以音色較亮，低頻較弱。由于木質(zhì)油性，高頻亦稍為減弱。總括而言，Koa 音色較著重于中頻，高頻順滑而compress，低頻清析但較弱。與其它木材比較，Koa 音色中的 fundamental tone（基音）較強，dynamic 較少而且較compress。在大力彈奏的時候，音質(zhì)甜美。這種木頭必須彈奏幾年后，音色才會呈現(xiàn)出來。顏色略嫌過亮，就像胡桃木（walnut）含有過多的油脂，用其作吉他，顏色為深褐色，多不上漆以保持它的特殊。但是噴漆后的外觀也相當美麗。
Ukulele演奏
"Ukulele"又名"四弦琴,.琴品有"12"17"19"...琴的面版多為"紅松",背版"玫瑰木"...產(chǎn)自"Hawaii"的"Ukulele"背版選用好材料. "Ukulele"可以合奏,重奏,也可獨奏,演奏花樣繁多,基本定弦為" G.C.E.A",較早期也有定為"A. D.F.#B",琴弦為"尼龍弦",(Itlay,aquila的弦不錯,同時也生產(chǎn)古典吉他弦),右手演奏時可留指甲或不留,演奏姿勢將琴體輕松貼靠在前胸.
Ukulele歷史沿革
1879 年，葡萄牙的的專業(yè)手工藝人和樂器制作家Manuel Nunes 和Joao Fernandes 還有 Augustine Dias來到夏威夷群島。他們作為移民在甘蔗田作業(yè)。同時他們發(fā)明和發(fā)展了來自他們家鄉(xiāng)本土的琴。夏威夷人不僅驚訝于這種琴音色的優(yōu)美，還驚訝于演奏者的手指在指板上的快速的移動。從那時起，夏威夷人就把這種琴稱作Ukulele，意思是跳躍的跳蚤。不管Ukulele琴背后真實的故事是什么，它成為了夏威夷最流行的樂器。這主要歸功于上面所提到的三位手工藝家。Ukulele琴還收到了來自皇家和貴族的推崇，例如國王Kalakaua，皇后Emma和皇后Lili'uokalani，他們都彈奏過Ukulele琴。從而，使Ukulele琴得到了更多夏威夷人的接受，從漁民，芋頭種植者，到國王，皇后，大家都喜愛學習和演奏Ukulele琴。大約在1915年左右，Ukulele琴風靡到了北美大陸。夏威夷音樂襲擊了舊金山市，隨即橫掃全國，刺激了Ukulele琴在北美大陸的銷售。這股旋風還穿過大西洋刮到了英國。Ukulele琴巨大的需求帶動了對Ukulele琴制作家的需求。到了1910年，三位原葡萄牙制作家中，只有Manuel Nunes還尚在。訂單多到他一個人無法應付。年輕人Samuel Kaialiilii Kamaka開始跟Manuel Nunes學徒。新的競爭者也加入到Ukulele琴制作中來，帶動了Ukulele琴設(shè)計和音質(zhì)的革新。其中的一位競爭者，Kumalae，開了新工廠，可月產(chǎn)三百把琴。盡管有了競爭，生意還是多到訂單滿天飛。
到了1915年，來自美國大陸的競爭者也加入到Ukulele琴制作中來。夏威夷人對此感到非常氣憤和失望。因為這些美國大陸的公司都將琴刻上夏威夷制造的字樣。夏威夷人進行了反擊，他們設(shè)計了不同的商標標示，此標示得到了法律的保護。夏威夷Ukulele琴制作家得到授權(quán)可以在Ukulele琴上注明“美國夏威夷制造”的字樣。這就將那些非夏威夷群島生產(chǎn)的Ukulele琴區(qū)別了出來。在二十年代，美國大陸的制作家， 像Gibson, Harmony, Regal, National, Dobro和Martin，大批量的生產(chǎn)了數(shù)以千計的Ukulele琴。在Manuel Nunes的設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)上，馬丁淤1916年制作了第一把Ukulele琴。許多夏威夷人都稱贊馬丁的Ukulele琴，稱它為當時Ukulele琴的音質(zhì)典范。在Bounty Music上，我們還可以有幸地看到為數(shù)不多的幾把這樣的琴。到了四五十年代，英國偉大的George Formby和美國Arthur Godfrey繼續(xù)著Ukulele琴的發(fā)展，使之仍在美國主流樂器內(nèi)。像Roy Smeck 和 Eddie Karnae這樣偉大的演奏家還繼續(xù)演奏Ukulele琴。但是，到了六十年代后期的Tiny Tim時代，Ukulele琴似乎已被人們遺忘在了家里的壁櫥里。到七十年代，Kamaka是世界上唯一的Ukulele琴制造商。
今天，夏威夷音樂和Ukulele琴又重新流行了起來。夏威夷有許多天才的制作家，他們又開始著眼于Ukulele琴的制作。Maui Music，作為一個很好的例子，他的琴有著纖細優(yōu)美的身材和動人的音質(zhì)。他使用鮑魚骨音梁和嵌邊，賦予Ukulele琴華美的外表。在Ukulele琴的制作歷史中，Kamaka占有重要的位置，并經(jīng)樂了時間的考驗。這反映在他們的訂單已派到了十二個月之后。“我的狗身上有跳蚤”，這首曲子已被新一代的夏威夷人所熟知。夏威夷有Ukulele音樂節(jié)，吸引著世界上許多優(yōu)秀的演奏家。RoySakuma的Ukulele音樂學校擁有四百名學生。在美國本土大陸，有北加州的Ukulele音樂節(jié)和麻省的Ukulele音樂節(jié)。這種有趣和惹人喜愛的樂器將永遠地存在下去。
Ukulele英文簡介：
The ukulele, from Hawaiian; variantly spelled ukelele in the UK), sometimes abbreviated to uke, is a chordophone classified as a plucked lute; it is a subset of the guitar family of instruments, generally with four nylon or gut strings or four courses of strings.The ukulele originated in the 19th century as a Hawaiian interpretation of the cavaquinho or braguinha and the rajão, small guitar-like instruments taken to Hawaii by Portuguese immigrants. It gained great popularity elsewhere in the United States during the early 20th century, and from there spread internationally.Tone and volume of the instrument vary with size and construction. Ukuleles commonly come in four sizes: soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone.
Ukuleles are commonly associated with music from Hawai‘i where the name roughly translates as "jumping flea", perhaps due to the action of one's fingers playing the ukulele resembling a "jumping flea". According to Queen Lili'uokalani, the last Hawaiian monarch, the name means “the gift that came here”, from the Hawaiian words uku (gift or reward) and lele (to come). Developed in the 1880s, the ukulele is based on two small guitar-like instruments of Portuguese origin, the cavaquinho and the rajão, introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and Cape Verde. Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, are generally credited as the first ukulele makers. Two weeks after they landed aboard the Ravenscrag in late August 1879, the Hawaiian Gazette reported that "Madeira Islanders recently arrived here, have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts."One of the most important factors in establishing the ukulele in Hawaiian music and culture was the ardent support and promotion of the instrument by King David Kalakaua. A patron of the arts, he incorporated it into performances at royal gatherings.
The standard tuning for soprano, concert, and tenor ukuleles is C-tuning, g'c'e'a'. The g string is tuned an octave higher than might be expected. This is known as reentrant tuning. This standard tuning is often sung to the mnemonic "My Dog Has Fleas." Some prefer "Low G" tuning, with the G in sequence an octave lower. The baritone is usually tuned to d g b e' (low to high).Another common tuning for sopranos and concerts is D-tuning, a' d' f#' b', one step higher than the g'c'e'a' tuning. D tuning is said by some to bring out a sweeter tone in some ukuleles, generally smaller ones. This tuning was commonly used during the Hawaiian music boom of the early 20th century, and is often seen in sheet music from this period. D tuning with a low 4th, ad'f#'b' is sometimes called "Canadian tuning" after its use in the Canadian school system, mostly on concert or tenor ukes.Hawaiian ukuleles may also be tuned to open tunings, similar to the Hawaiian slack key style.
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